Cabanga ngalokhu: kungu-1955. I-United States neRussia baqala ukuthola indawo yokuhamba emkhathini. Kepha uthola kanjani ngokuhlola umngcele okungekho muntu owake waya kuwo ngaphambili? Impendulo yase-US: ngokusondela ngangokunokwenzeka nokuqoqa inqwaba yedatha endleleni.
Kepha ukuze usondele esikhaleni, kufanele ube nokuthile okushesha kakhulu futhi okunamandla. Okuthile okungadlula isivinini somsindo. Okwe-NACA (Ikomidi Likazwelonke Lokweluleka Ngezindiza Zomoya) - manje eyi-NASA - leyo mpendulo yeza ngesimo sezindiza ezinamandla e-X-15 ze-hypersonic rocket.
UBrian James McManus, umdali we Ubunjiniyela Bangempela, ungene ngokujulile ekwakhiweni nasekudalweni kwaleli gunya lamandla lomshini ondizayo:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zR26e504u
Ngeke kube ihaba uma uthi iX-15 ivule indlela yokuhamba emkhathini njengoba sazi. Bekungekhona kuphela ukuthi uhlelo lokuqala lwase-United States ngokobunjiniyela bokungena kabusha, ingcindezi yasemkhathini, nezinye izinto ezingaziwa zesikhala, kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi wokuqoqa imininingwane ezungezile phakathi nendiza ezonikeza imininingwane kamuva ngalokho ongakulindela uma indoda ishiye imingcele yomhlaba.
I-X-15 iyathakazelisa ngoba ingxenye ngayinye yokwakheka kwayo, kusuka enjinini kuya kufreyimu, ixhunyiwe futhi yakhelwe inhloso ethile.
Injini Ye-Rocket Propulsion
Thatha injini, isibonelo.
Kwakunezinto eziningi ezingaziwa lapho kwenziwa iX-15, kepha wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi indiza kufanele isheshe. Cabanga iMach 6.7 ngokushesha. Lokhu kube yinkinga, ngoba iX-2, indiza ebishesha kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, ibingafinyelela isivinini sikaMak 2-3 kuphela.
Kepha injini nayo bekufanele ikwazi ukulungisa kalula ukuphuma kwayo. Ukwenza lokhu, onjiniyela bahluka ijubane lepompo ye-turbo - ephoqa uphethiloli kanye ne-oxidizer kusuka ezitsheni zabo kuya egumbini lomlilo - ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide njengomthombo kaphethiloli ozinikele wepompo.
Okokugcina, injini nayo bekufanele ibe yincane ngokwanele ukuze ingene endizeni. Lokhu kuzwakala kulula ukukwenza ephepheni, kepha uma ubona ukuthi injini kufanele ishise u-8,165 kg kaphethiloli kanye ne-oxidizer ngemizuzwana engama-85, ukufaka amandla amakhulu enjinini encane kungumsebenzi omkhulu.
Okokhelekayo kanye ne-Oxidizer
Lokhu kusiletha kulokho injini egijime khona.
Ukuthola umthombo kaphethiloli wendiza yasemkhathini kwaba enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kwi-NACA. Njenge-injini, uphethiloli bekufanele ube namandla kodwa futhi usebenzise kahle isisindo. Kunezinto eziningi ezingahlanganiswa ndawonye ukwakha uphethiloli onamandla, kepha izilinganiso zazo zokuxuba nesisindo ezingeni lamangqamuzana kufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze i-X-15 ingabanjwa phansi ngophethiloli osindayo ne-oxidizer.
I-NACA ibifuna into enomfutho othile (okuyiyona ndlela esebenza kahle ngayo uphethiloli oguqula isisindo sayo sibe yi-thrust) kanye nesinye esinezindawo zokupholisa ezivuselelayo ukuze injini ingashisi ize yehle. Amanzi, uphalafini, ne-hydrazine kwakucatshangelwa, ngaphambi kokugcina kuthathwe isinqumo nge-anhydrous ammonia njengomthombo kaphethiloli we-X-15.
Ihlanganiswe nomoya-mpilo njengoketshezi, inkinga yokuthola izinto eziqhubekisa ngamandla ibukeka ixazululwa…
Uhlaka lwe-Inconel X
… Kodwa ingabe ngempela?
Qaphela ukuthi i-ammonia iyinto enobuthi, okungenye yezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani izinsimbi ezisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwe-X-15 bekufanele zicatshangelwe kahle.
Futhi-ke kwaba nenkinga yokumelana nokushisa. Uhlaka lwe-X-15 alukwazanga nje kuphela ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu wokungqubuzana nokungena kabusha, kepha futhi bekudinga ukubhekana nokubanda okukhulu okuqhamuka kumathangi angaphakathi e-cryogenic liquid oksijini afaka i-oxidizer.
Ayikho insimbi yemvelo engamelana nala mazinga okushisa aphezulu naphansi, ngakho-ke i-NACA isebenzise ukusetshenziswa kwe-Inconel X - ingxube ye-nickel, i-chromium, i-iron ne-niobium enokumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu.
Insimbi yayisetshenziswa ezindizeni eziningi, ngisho nasemalungeni. Besebenzisa upende ozwela ukushisa, onjiniyela bakwazile ukuthola izindawo okushiswa kuzo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa futhi bazilungisa ngemichilo ye-Inconel X.
Amawindi weTitanium
Akubona bonke ozimele ababengu-Inconel X, noma kunjalo. Ngenkathi indawo ezungeze amawindi e-cockpit yayijwayele ukwenziwa ngezinto, ukuhlolwa kwathola ukuthi insimbi izobopha ngenxa yokwanda okushisayo. Lokhu bekungalimaza iwindi, kushiye umshayeli engabonakali kahle futhi angabancisha ngisho nangaphandle kwendiza uma ibhujiswe ngokuphelele.
Insimbi ezungeze amawindi yathathelwa indawo ngozimele be-aluminium (ababona ukwanda okushisayo okuphansi), ngenkathi ukubiyela kwangemuva kwasuswa ngokuphelele.
Izendlalelo ze-Ablative
Noma ukumelana nokushisa okuhle, i-Inconel X ngeke isinde endizeni kaMach 6.7. Ukuyisiza, kufakwa intambo eqabulayo ngaphezulu kwe-Inconel X njengengqimba yomhlatshelo eyayizobamba okunye ukushisa.
Kwakusenezinkinga eziningi okwakumele zilungiswe. Ukusuka entweni eqabulayo ewa endizeni, kuya komoya-mpilo ohlangene nalowo ohlangothini, kuya ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene ngejometri yendiza efana nemisila ngisho ne-X-15 yempumulo.
Ekugcineni, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yentuthuko, iX-15 yafakwa ngaphansi kwebhomu i-B-52, yaqhutshwa yaze yafika ezinyaweni ezingama-45,000, futhi yaqhuba i-188 yayoth indiza ngo-Okthoba 3, 1967. Indiziswa nguWilliam Knight, iX-15 yagqekeza iMach 6 imizuzu engu-2.5 ngaphambi kokuncipha futhi ibuyela eMhlabeni.
Indiza yayingeke iphinde indize. Ukumbozwa okuqabulayo akuzange kuyivikele ngokuphelele i-X-15 ekushiseni okukhulu, futhi ezinye izingcezu zendiza zazincibilikile. Amanye ama-X-15 amabili andiza izikhathi eziyi-11 ngaphambi kokuba iphrojekthi ivalwe ekugcineni.
Kepha bekungekhona konke ize. Idatha eningi yaqoqwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwendiza nezindiza zayo eziningi. Ngayo, ososayensi nonjiniyela bakwazile ukwenza ngcono futhi bathuthukise izindlela ezingcono zokuhamba emkhathini ngemizamo yabo yesikhathi esizayo.
Yonke ividiyo ikufanele ukubukwa uma unesikhathi. UBrian McManus ungena ajule ekwakhiweni kweX-15 futhi ngobuchwepheshe uxhuma ingxenye ngayinye yendiza njengephazili. Njengoba izingcezu ziwela endaweni, uthola ukwazisa okungcono nge-X-15 isiyonke.
